Twisted-Pair cable

1. It consists of four pairs of copper wires coated with an insulating materials like plastic or teflon and twisted together.
2. It is often used data network for short and medium length connections because of it's relatively lower cost compared to optical fiber and co-axial cable.
3. Twisted pair cables are of two types:

• Shielded twisted pair cable (STP)

1. Shielded twisted pair cables (STP) is similar in construction to un-shielded twisted-pair cabled wire (UTP) except that twisted pair is enclose in a woven copper for providing extra protection from external interference.
2. It is expensive then UTP.
3. Transmission speed is upto 500 mbps at 100m range.

• Un-Shielded twisted pair cable (UTP)

1. UTP cable consists of number of twisted pairs of wires with a simple plastic casing.
2. It is commonly used in telephone line system.
3. The commonly used UTP cable is Category 5 cable (Cat 5)  which is used with fast ethernet.

Coaxial Cable

Number system

A number system in base r or radius r uses unique symbols for r digits. One or more digits are combined to get a number.

In computers, we are concerned with four kinds of number systems, as follows:

Decimal Number System      ------------      Base 10
Binary Number System         ------------      Base 2
Octal Number System           ------------      Base 8
Hexa-Decimal Number System --------      Base 16


Decimal Number System
It consists of 10 digits (0-9).

Binary Number System
It consists of 2 digits (0-1).

Octal Number System 
It consists of 8 digits (0-7).


Hexa-Decimal Number System
It consists of 16 digits (0-9 and A-E) whereas from digit 10 it is named after alphabets A that means A is number 10 and E is number 15.

Conversion of Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexa-decimal

binary-divide by 2, for fraction multiply by 2
octal-divide by 8, for fraction multiply by 8, and,
hexadecimal-divide by 16, for fraction by 16.

Conversion of Binary to Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal

decimal-multiply by 2 with the power of their descending position and for fraction with power of their ascending position but with negative sign in powers.
 octal-multiply by 8 with the power of their position and for fraction with the power of negative sign.
hexadecimal-multiply 16 with the power in it and negative for fraction.

Conversion of Binary to Octal, Hexa-Decimal

8= that means while converting binary digits to octal we have to arrange three digits of binary number starting from last position to get octal number.
 16= that means while converting binary digits to hexadecimal we have to arrange four digits of binary number starting from last position to get octal number.
Conversion of Octal, Hexadecimal to Binary
As said above each number of octal number equals to three digits of binary number i.e. final binary number will be combination of each number formed while converting.
Convert each hexadecimal digit to four digits of binary number and the combination of all digits will be the final conversion.

Radix Complement 

The r's complement of "n" digit, number "N" in base "r" is defined as -N for N=0 and 0 for N=0.
Comparing with (r-1)'s complements the r's complement is obtained by adding 1 to the (r-1)'s complement since -N= [(-1)-N] +1.

Binary Arithmetic
Binary Addition
Binary Subtraction
Binary Multiply
Binary Divide

Binary Addition

The Addition of the Binary numbers involve the following steps:
Start addition by adding the bits in unit column (the right-most column).
The result of adding of a column is a sum with or without a carry.
Write the sum in the result of that column.
If a carry is present, the carry is carried over to the addition of the next left column.

Binary Subtraction

The steps for performing subtraction of the binary numbers are as follows: -
Start subtraction by subtracting the bit in the lower row from the upper row, in the unit column.
Use the binary subtraction rules. If the bit in upper row is less than lower row, borrow 1 from the upper row of the next column (on the left side).
Rule of subtraction
1-1=0              0-1=1 (borrowed 1 from upper one)



Binary Multiply
Rules for Binary Multiply: 1*0=0   1*1=1


Binary Division
Binary number is divided same as dividing decimal number.


Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
In this code each digit is responsible by a 4-bit binary number. The positional weight is assigned to the binary digits in BCD code are 8-4-2-1 with 1 corresponding to LSB and corresponding MSB.

Positional 8 4 2 1
Weight

   While converting from BCD to binary, convert same as converting binary.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001

Invalid BCD Codes

with 4-bits we can represent total 16 numbers (0000 to 1111) in BCD only first ten codes on used (0000 to 1001)
Therefore, remaining six-codes (1010 to 1111) are invalid in BCD.
The binary coding schemes that are mostly used are: -
Extended Binary Code Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
Unicode

EBCDIC

The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBDIC) uses 8 bits (4 bits for zone, 4 bits for digit) to represent a symbol in the data.
EBCDIC allows = 256 combinations of bits.
256 unique symbols are represented using EBCDIC code. It represents decimal numbers (0-9) lower case letters (a-z), upper case letters (A-Z), Special characters, and Control characters (printable and non-printable, e.g., for cursor movement, printer vertical spacing, etc.
 EBCDIC codes are mainly used in the mainframe computers.

ASCII
The American Standard Code for Information interchange (ASCII) is widely used in computers of all types.
ASCII codes are two types- ASCII-7 and ASCII-8.
 ASCII-7 is a 7-bit standard ASCII code. In ASCII-7, the first 3 bits are the zone bits and the next 4 bits are for the digits. ASCII-7 allows = 128 combinations. 128 unique symbols are represented using ASCII-7 has been modified by IBM to ASCII-8
ASCII-8 is an extended version of ASCII-7. ASCII-8 allows =256 combinations. ASCII-8 represents unique symbols. ASCII-8 is an 8-bit code having 4 bits for zone and 4 bits for the digits. ASCII is widely to represent data in computers.
Code 0-31 used for actions like Carriage Return (CR), Bell (BEL), etc.
Code 48-57 for numeric
Code 65-90 for uppercase letters
Code 97-122 for lowercase letters
Code 128-255 are extended ASCII codes.

Unicode
It is a universal character encoding standard for the representation of text which includes letters, numbers and symbols in multi-lingual environments. The Unicode Consortium based in California developed the Unicode standard.
It uses 32 bits to represent a symbol in the data.
It allows =4164895296 (~ 4 billion) combinations.
It can uniquely represent any character or symbol present in any language. In addition to the letters; mathematical and scientific symbols are also represented in Unicode.
It is compatible with the ASCII-8 codes. the first 256 codes are identical to the ASCII-8 codes.

Gray Code
It is also known as Reflected Binary Code is defined as an ordering of the binary number system such that each incremental value can only differ by one bit. I n gray code, whole traversing from one step to another step only one bit in the group changes. That is to say that two adjacent code numbers differ from each other by only one bit.
Gray code is the most popular of the unit distance code, but it is not applicable for Arithmetic Operations. Gray Code has some application is Analog to digital Convertors, as well as used for error correction in Digital Communication.

Excess-3 Code
It is basically a binary code which is made by adding 3 with equivalent decimal of binary number and again converting it into binary number. So, if we consider any binary number we have to first convert it into decimal number then add 3 with it and then convert into binary.

Self-complementing Property:
Excess-3 code is non-weighted and self-complementary code. A self-complementary binary code is always complemented themselves. The compliment of a binary number can be obtained from that number by replacing 0's with 1's and 1's with 0's. The sum of binary number and its complement is always equal to decimal 9. In other words, the 1's complement of an excess-3 code is the excess-3 code for the 9's complement of the corresponding decimal number.

Alpha-numeric Codes
A binary bit can represent only two symbols '0' and '1'. But it is not enough for communication between two computers because there we need many more symbols for communication.
These symbols are required to represent:
26 numbers with capital and small letters
Number 0 to 9
Punctuation marks
Alpha-numeric codes represent numbers and alphabetic characters. They also represent other characters such as punctuation symbols and instructions for conveying information.

Boolean algebra and logic gates
The most common postulates used to formulate various algebraic structures are:
Associative law: A binary operator * on a set S is said to be associative whenever:
  (x*y) *z=x*(y*z)
Commutative law: A binary operator * on a set S is said to be commutative whenever:
x*y=y*x
Identity element: A set S is said to have an identity element with respect to a binary operation * on S if there exists an element eS with the property:
e*x=x*e=x for every xS
Inverse: A set having the identity element e with respect to a binary operator * is said to have an inverse whenever, for every xS, there exists an element yS such that:
x*y=e
Distributive law: If * and · are two binary operators on set S, * is said to be distributive over* whenever:
x*(y*z) =(x*y) *(y*z)
Theorem 1(a): x+x=x
Theorem 1(b):x*x=x
Theorem 2(a):x+1=x
Theorem 2(b):x*0=0
Theorem 3     :(x') '=x
Theorem 6(a):x+yx=x
Theorem 6(b):x(y+x)=x

कोरोना भाइरस

चीन बाट सुरु भएको corona virus फैलिने क्रम मा अमेरिका सम्म पुगिसकेको छ | होंग्कोंग ,जस्ता देश  हरु मा पनि corona virus तिब्र रुप ले फैलिरहेको छ | Corona virus स्वास प्रसाश मा भाग लिने अंग हरु मा प्रतक्ष्य आशार पर्ने virus हो | पहिले यो virus जनावर मा मात्र देखिने गरेको थीयो तर २०१२ मा पहिलोपटक यो virus साउदी अरब ,अफ्रीका र एशिया का केहि मुलुकहरुमा साधारण रुप मा देखापरेको थीयो

हालै चीनको wuhan प्रान्त बाट फैलिएको यो corona virus बाट हाल सम्म १०६ जना को मृत्यु वैसकेको छ भने ४५०० जना भन्दा बढी मा एसको संक्रमण देखापरिसकेको छ | यो virus को लक्ष्यण ज्वरो आउनु ,स्वस्प्रसस मा समस्या देखा पर्नु र नेमोनिया को लक्ष्यण देखा पर्नु हुन् |

यो virus ले फोक्सो को ठुलो भाग मा असर गरि नेमोनिया को बिकाश गर्छ अन्य संक्रमण मा भन्दा corona virus मा नेमोनिया बिकाश गर्ने सक्ति बढी हुन्छ | जनावर बाट सर्ने भनिएको यो virus आहिले मनिष बाट मनिष मा अत्ध्यधिक मात्रा मा फैलिदै गैराखेको छ |

नेपाल मा पनि corona virus देखा परेको पुस्टि भएको  छ | चीन बाट नेपाल आएका एक बिद्यार्थी को स्वस्थ परिक्षण गर्दा यो संक्रमण को पुस्टि भएको स्व्यास्थ तथा जनसंख्या मन्त्रालय ले शुक्रबार पत्रकार सम्मेलन गरि जानकारी गराएक थीयो | corona virus नेपाल भित्रिन नदिन त्रिभुवन अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल मा हेअल्थ डेस्क पनि स्थापना गरिएको छ | हेअल्थ डेस्क मा संक्रमण फैलिएका मुलुक बाट आएका पर्यटक तथा नेपालीले अनिवार्य स्व्यास्थ परिक्षण गर्नु पर्ने छ |

Transmission Media

1. Transmission media the pathway network entities used to connect each other.
2. Computer transmission media includes

• guided media
• unguided media

Guided  media

What is chatamari?

Chatamari is one of the easiest and one of the tastiest food made in nepal (specially in newar community) during special occasions.You can taste authentic chatamari in local restaurant's of kathmandu valley in any time of the year or you can visit during festive seasons.

Ingredients:

• Water
• 3 eggs
• 300g chicken keema ( a type of filling with no bones)
• Rice flour
• Chopped coriander
• Chopped onions
• Chopped tomatoes
• Chilies
• Calt
• Ginger-garlic paste
• Cumin powder
• Coriander powder

Steps:

Karnaugh Map (K-MAP)

The K-MAP is a graphical representation that provides a systematic method for simplifying a boolean expression.

Two Variable K-MAP
For n variable k-map 2^n cells are required.Therefore for  two variable k-map,2^2=4 cells are required.

Three Variable K-MAP

In our previous article we have discussed about the concept of market economy and its features.You had not read it press here to read it.In this article lets discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of market economy.

Advantages of market economy.

1.Freedom for consumers

2.Mobility of factors of production

3.perfect competition

1.creates Economic inequality

2.private sector domination

3.Profit motive

 Concept of Market economy

Market economy is also called the capitalist economy or the free enterprise economy.In market economy, all economic activities like:production,consumption,distribution,exchange etc are organized and carried out by private sectors and guidance by profit motive by market forces-demand and supply.Market forces demand and supply,determine what to produce,how to produce and whom to produce.Demand for and supply of resources,determine their respective share in total income.Similarly,demand for and supply of goods and services determine the equilibrium price and quantity in the market.There is no extra tax or subsidy on goods and services.Similarly,there are no quotas and rationing.Consumers are free to decide their consumption level and pattern.

In a market economy,individuals are free to allocate their income into consumption or/and saving.There is no control over consumption or consumer from the side of government.Individuals conduct international trade themselves.There is no any control over export and import.Goods and services are free to move everywhere.

private sector is the backbone of the economic development.However,it doesn't mean that there is no role of government.Government is the monitor and supervisor of the economy.It's role are limited to its regular functions such as maintaining peace and security,law and order and so on.The economies of United states,UK,Japan,Germany,and many western developed countries are the examples of the market economy. Moreover, a market economy has got the following features:

1.Economic activities are organized and carried on by the private sector

In a market economy all economic activities are organized by private sector.Firms decided what to produce,how to produce and whom to produce.However,they are guided by the market forces-Demand and supply.

2.Existence of market mechanism

In a market economy,equilibrium prices of goods and services are determined by the two market force demand and supply.People respond to the incentives.Other things being equal,seller seeks high prices while buyers seeks low prices.

3.No government regulation

In a market economy,there is no government intervention in the market.Economic activities are managed and controlled by the market forces.Government functions as a facilitator.The role of the government is to manage the public utilities,law and order,peace and security.

4.Right of private property

In a market economy,individuals have right to organize economic activities,earn income and accumulate wealth in various forms including cash,land,share,etc.

simple concept of cloud computing

It is not that cloud computing means the process of doing the computer operation through the cloud.Actually the process of cloud computing is same as the process of cloud formation.Like the water vapor collects at a same place to form a cloud,similarly various computers and computer user collects at a network to form the cloud computing.Like the cloud is not fixed at same place,the process of cloud computing is not fixed you can operate it from any place at any time.

Real life example

Major Advantages

What is HTML?

Advantages of HTML

Dis-Advantages of HTML

चाडबाडमा पैसा बोकेर लामो यात्रा गर्नुभन्दा विभिन्न स्थानमा रहेका ATM प्रयोग गर्नु उपयुक्त हुन्छ | मेगा बैंक ले सुर्खेतको बिरेन्द्रनगरको आर्मी ब्यारेक आगढ़ी यस्तो सुविधा दीएको छ | बैंकले कमलपोखरी स्थित सिटि सेन्टर,टेकु अस्पतालमा पनि ATM सेवा सुरु गरेको छ | बैंकका १ सय १ साखा,१४ वटा EXTENSION काउन्टर ,१ सय १९ ओटा सख सहित बैंक सेवा  र २ हजार भन्दा बढी मेगा संजाल छन् |

एक दसकआघि को तुलनामा नेपालमा बाघको संख्या दोब्बर पुगेको छ| नेपालमा बाघको संख्या दोब्बर पुगेको सरकारी तथ्यांकले देखाएको छ | येसले पर्यावरण चक्र सन्तुलनमा मात्र नराखी पर्यटन छेत्र लाइ नै टेवा दिने र विश्वक अन्य देशले पनि नेपाललाई पक्षाउदै जानुपर्ने बिज्ञा हरुको मत छ |

बाघको संख्या बृधि गरेर मात्र नपुग्ने,उनीहरुको बासस्थान सुरक्क्षित् बनाउन,चोरी-सिकारी निरुत्साहित गर्न पनि नेपालले उत्तिकै अग्रिड भूमिका निर्वाह गर्न आवश्यक रहेको उनीहरुको सुझाव छ |

अमेरिका माषिक national geographic ले लेखेको छ,यो ठुलो अनुपात त हैन तर तस्कर र सिकारीले कम्जोर तुल्याएको नेपाल संरक्षण क्षत्रमा येत्तिको संख्या बढ्नुलाइ पनि ठुलो उपलब्धि मान्न सकिन्छ |

BTS SONGS AND AWARDS

 Bangtan Boys(BTS) is a seven member south korean boy band formed BIG hit entertainment.The name subsequently became a backronym for Beyond The Scene.On June 12, 2013, they performed the song "No More Dream" from their initial album 2 Cool 4 Skool to commemorate their debut on June 13, 2013.They won several New Artist of the Year awards for the track "No More Dream", including at the 2013 Melon Music Awards and Golden Disc Awards and the 2014 Seoul Music AwardsThe band continued to gain prominence with their subsequent albums Dark & Wild (2014), The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2 (2015) and The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever (2016), with the latter two entering the U.S. Billboard 200. The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever went on to win the Album of the Year award at the 2016 Melon Music Awards.
BASIC DETAILS ABOUT BTS

Also known as	Bangtan Boys Bulletproof Boy Scouts Beyond The Scene Bangtan Sonyeondan
Origin	Seoul, South Korea
Genres	K-pop  hip hop  R&B  EDM
Years active	2013–present
Labels	Big Hit  Pony Canyon  Def Jam Japan  Columbia
Website	bts.ibighit.com
Members	Jin Suga J-Hope RM Jimin V Jungkook
Korean name
Hangul	방탄소년단
Hanja	防彈少年團
Japanese name
Kanji	防弾少年団
Hiragana	ぼうだんしょうねんだん
Revised Hepburn Bōdan Shōnendan Kunrei-shiki Bôdan Syônendan

An Android app is a software application running on the Android platform. Because the Android platform is built for mobile devices, a typical Android app is designed for a smartphone or a tablet PC running on the Android OS.Apps helps us in many more aspects directly or indirectly.There ar some of the best nepali android apps which may be very useful for Nepalese people.



1.Nepali Dictionary - Offline
This app includes two dictionaries - English-English-Nepali Dictionary and Nepali-English Dictionary. Both of these are based on highly cited books authored by Choodamani Gautam.

Main Features

1) Comprehensive Word List -We have included more than 20,000 English word meaning and 30,000 Nepali word meaning including advanced level words.

2) Completely offline - We have included our entire dictionary inside the app, so that our users can use it even if they don't have internet access. We also provided way for the users to update the dictionary over-the-air once they have internet connectin.

3) Both-way-Dictionary - We have included two dictionaries - English-to-Nepali and Nepali-to-English so that this app is useful to users who are learning Nepali as well.

4) Learning Word Pronunciations - This app will help users learning how to correctly pronounce words. For example, many Nepali pronounce "Potato" as "पोटेटो", but correct pronunciation is "पटे(इ)टो" 

5) Image and Illustration This dictionary includes images of words in important categories like vegetables, animals, fruits etc.